In this case, the inhalation volume is defined by the size of the balloon in the device chamber and the inhalation velocity is controlled from the air-inlet valve at the back of the device. are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial developments. dissociation trend did not, however, preclude the delivery of immunosuppressive activities to the lung and thus, CsA-liposome aerosol therapy may be utilized in the treatment of chronic bronchiolar asthma and a variety of pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary sarcoidosis and sensitive hypersensitivity. Nebulization of rehydrated freeze-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomal preparations showed the output of liposomes from your nebulizer was dependent on the lipid used (Darwis and SW-100 Kellaway 2001). Liposomes created from lipids with a high exhibited a low output of aerosols, due to aggregation during nebulization (Darwis and Kellaway 2001). To compare beclomethasone dipropionate liposomal formulations, the same drug encapsulated in poly(L-lactic acid) yielded microspheres in aerosolizable particle size range of less than 5 m. However, degradation of these microspheres could only release 15% of the drug over a period of eight days (El-Baseir et al 1997). As a result of nanoprecipitation, anhydrous beclomethasone dipropionate in beclomethasone dipropionate-poly(L-lactic acid) nanoparticles was changed to beclomethasone dipropionate monohydrate (Hyv?nen et al 2005). Also, recently, non-phospholipid vesicles loaded with beclomethasone dipropionate were fabricated with non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 20 (Terzano 2005). Even though the good particle portion (FPF) with aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 m was 95% and the permeation rate through model mucosal barrier was greatly enhanced, the maximum Rabbit Polyclonal to IkappaB-alpha entrapment effectiveness was only 20%. Shahiwala and Misra compared bioavailabilities of different pulmonary formulations intended to provide prolonged effective concentration of levonogestrel in plasma and to reduce reported side effects of orally administrated drug. Levonogestrel encapsulated liposomes comprising 10 g of drug were instilled intratracheally in rats and were compared with the plain drug suspension and the physical combination also administrated from the same route (plain drug with liposomal constituents). The plasma drug concentration data of different treatements were plotted and pharmacokinetics data were calculated and compared with that of oral administration. Percentage relative bioavailability of 97.6%, 98.6%, and 109.9% were observed after pulmonary administration of plain drug formulation, physical mixture (plain drug along with constituents of liposomes), and liposomal formulations of the drug, respectively. Following oral administration, Cmax of 14.4 0.6 ng/mL was observed at 2.1 0.2 hours followed by subtherapeutic concentration beyond 30 0.2 hours, while after pulmonary administration of formulations, Cmax of 4.4 0.4 ng/mL, 4.2 0.5 ng/mL, and 4.4 0.6 ng/mL were observed at 6.0 0.2 hours, 7.0 0.2 hours, and 6.8 0.2 hours, respectively, followed by maintenance of effective plasma drug concentration up to SW-100 60 2 hours. The studies lead by Shahiwala and Misra (2004) allowed to demonstrate on SW-100 one hand superiority of pulmonary drug delivery with regards to maintenance of effective restorative concentration of the levonorgestrel in the plasma over a period of 6 to 60 hours and on the other hand to reduce rate of recurrence of dosing and systemic side effects associated with oral administration of levonorgestrel. Stern et al (2000) advanced the potential of liposomes as gene service providers. These authors shown the pretreatment with cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na+ K+ -ATPase pump inside a mouse model in vivo augmented resolution of high permeability pulmonary oedema. This demonstration of a significant reduction in pulmonary edema following in vivo gene transfer allowed raising the possibility of gene therapy like a novel localized approach for pulmonary edema in medical settings such as acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) and lung transplantation (Stern et al 2000). Microemulsions Similarly the micellar solutions, the emulsions and microemulsions are dose SW-100 forms showing several advantages providing the surfactants used are not harmful. Anyway, more and more exogenous surfactants, utilized for treatments and as a precaution for acute respiratory.